Photocatalytic Degradation of Antibiotics and Dyes in Wastewater by Hydrogenated Black Titanium Dioxide
Nanoparticles Using Design of Experiment L9 Taguchi Orthogonal Array

doi:10.21127/yaoyigc20210006

Abstract

Abstract: Aqueous pollution from industrial dyes and antibiotics has brought up much threat to our daily healthy life. In the present work, hydrogenated black TiO₂ nanoparticles (H-TiO₂) are synthetized, their properties are studied, and their potentials in removing dyes (methylene blue, M.B.) and antibiotics such as tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) are explored with the support of statistical optimization. The operational controlled parameters such as catalyst amount (g L⁻¹), pH and irradiation time (min) were optimized using Design of Experiment (DOE) L9 Taguchi Orthogonal Array. From Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results, it can be seen that irradiation time is the most influencing parameter for % MB color removal, % Degradation of TC and CIP, over catalyst amount and pH. The optimal parameters found here are 0.50 g L⁻¹ of hydrogenated H-TiO₂-750 as catalyst, pH 4 for MB, pH 11 for TC and pH 2 for CIP, respectively. In addition, an irradiation time of 30 min shows a maximum MB color removal of 95.05%, TC 94.8% and CIP 92.25%. Irradiation time is found to be the most influencing parameter (71.08% for MB, 55.33% for TC and 52.77% for CIP) followed by catalyst amount (28.82% for MB, 44.19% for TC and 41.5% for CIP) and in the end pH (0.09% for MB, 0.47% for TC and 5.72% for CIP). With the use of hydrogenated H-TiO₂-750, the dye and antibiotics degradation reaches almost 40% more than using TiO₂ pristine anatase.

Key words: dyes &, antibiotics, titanium (IV) oxide, statistical optimization, taguchi orthogonal array, black TiO₂

Alma L. Valenzuela, Michael Green, and Xiaobo Chen. Photocatalytic Degradation of Antibiotics and Dyes in Wastewater by Hydrogenated Black Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Design of Experiment L9 Taguchi Orthogonal Array[J]. General Chemistry, 2021, 7(4): 210006-210006.

References

[1] Yuan, X.; Shen, D.; Zhang, Q.; Zou, H.; Liu, Z.; Peng, F. Z-Scheme Bi₂WO₆/CuBi₂O₄ Heterojunction Mediated by Interfacial Electric Field for Efficient Visible-Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline. Chem. Eng. J. 2019, 369, 292–301.
[2] Crini, G. Non-Conventional Low-Cost Adsorbents for Dye Removal: A Review. Bioresour. Technol. 2006, 97, 1061–1085.
[3] Robinson, T.; McMullan, G.; Marchant, R.; Nigam, P. Remediation of Dyes in Textile Effluent: A Critical Review on Current Treatment Technologies with a Proposed Alternative. Bioresource Technol. 2001, 77, 247–255.
[4] Aksu, Z. Application of Biosorption for the Removal of Organic Pollutants: A Review. Process Biochem. 2005, 40, 997–1026.
[5] Kornaros, M.; Lyberatos, G. Biological Treatment of Wastewaters from a Dye Manufacturing Company using a Trickling Filter. J. Hazard Mater. 2006, 136, 95–102.
[6] Bentahar, S.; Dbik, A.; El Khomri, M.; El Messaoudi, N.; Lacherai, A. Adsorption of Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet and Congo Red from Binary and Ternary Systems with Natural Clay: Kinetic, Isotherm, and Thermodynamic. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2017, 5, 5921–5932.
[7] Chatterjee, S.; Lee, M. W.; Woo, S. H. Adsorption of Congo Red by Chitosan Hydrogel Beads Impregnated with Carbon Nanotubes. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101, 1800–1806.
[8] Crini, G.; Badot, P. M. Application of Chitosan, a Natural Aminopolysaccharide, for Dye Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Processes Using Batch Studies: A Review of Recent Literature. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2008, 33, 399–447.
[9] Zharim, A. Y.; Hilal, H. Treatment of Highly Concentrated Dye Solution by Coagulation/Flocculation-Sand Filtration and Nanofiltration. Water Resour. Ind. 2013, 3, 23–34.
[10] Khayet, M.; Zahrim, A. Y.; Hilal, N. Modelling and Optimization of Coagulation of Highly Concentrated Industrial Grade Leather Dye by Response Surface Methodology. Chem. Eng. J. 2011, 167, 77–83.
[11] Zhang, X. B.; Dong, W. Y.; Yang, W. Decolorization Eficiency and Kinetics of Typical Reactive Azo Dye RR2 in the Homogeneous Fe (II) Catalized Ozonation Process. Chem. Eng. J. 2013, 233, 14–23.
[12] Pak, D.; Chang, W. Decolorizing Dye Wastewater with Low Temperature Catalytic Oxidation. Water Sci. Technol. 1999, 40, 115–121.
[13] Martinez-Huitle, C. A.; Brillas, E. Decontamination of Wastewaters Containing Synthetic Organic Dyes by Electrochemical Methods. A general review. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2009, 87, 105–145.
[14] Chen, X.; Mao, S. S. Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 2891–2959. [15] Chen, X. Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials and Their Energy Applications. Chin. J. Catal. 2009, 30, 839–851.
[16] Chen, X.; Liu, L.; Yu, P. Y.; Mao, S. S. Increasing Solar Absorption for Photocatalysis with Black Hydrogenated Titanium Dioxide Nanocrystals. Science 2011, 331, 746–750.
[17] Liu, Y.; Li, Z.; Green, M.; Just, M.; Li, Y.; Chen, X. Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials for Photocatalysis. J. Phys. D 2017, 50, 193003/1-15.
[18] Li, X.; Xia, T.; Xu, C.; Murowchick, J.; Chen, X. Synthesis and Photoactivity of Nanostructured CdS-TiO₂ Composite Catalysts. Catal. Today 2014, 225, 64–73.
[19] Xia, T.; Zhang, Y.; Murowchick, J.; Chen, X. Vacuum-Treated Titanium Dioxide Nanocrystals: Optical Properties, Surface Disorder, Oxygen Vacancy, and Photocatalytic Activities. Catal. Today 2014, 225, 2–9.
[20] Byrne, C.; Subramanian, G.; Pillai, S. C. Recent Advances in Photocatalysis for Environmental Applications. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2018, 6, 3531–3555.
[21] Vinodkumar, F.; Di Valentin, C.; Schneider, J.; Banhnemann, D.; Pillai, S. C. Visible-Light Activation of TiO₂ Photocatalysts: Advances in Theory and Experiments. J. Photochem. Photobiol. C 2015, 25, 1–29.
[22] Inagaky, M.; Nakazawa, Y.; Hirano, M.; Kobayashi, Y.; Toyoda, M. Preparation of Stable Anatase-Type TiO₂ and its Photocatalytic Performance. Int. J. Inorg. Mater. 2001, 3, 809–811.
[23] Moon, J.; Takagi, H.; Fujishiro, Y.; Awano, M. Preparation and Characterization of the Sb-doped TiO₂ Photocatalysts. J. Mater. Sci. 2001, 36, 949–955.
[24] Ovenstone, J. Preparation of Novel Titania Photocatalysts with High Activity. J. Mater. Sci. 2001, 36, 1325–1329.
[25] Akhtar, M. K. Xiong, Y. Pratsinis, S. E. Vapor Synthesis of Titania Powder by Titanium Tetrachloride Oxidation. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J. 1991, 37, 1561–1570.
[26] Chin, S.; Jurng, J.; Lee, J. H.; Moon, S. J. Catalytic Conversion of 1,2-Dichlorobenzene Using V₂O₅/TiO₂ Catalyst by Thermal Decomposition Process Chemosphere 2009, 75, 1206–1209.
[27] Payakgul, W.; Mekasuwandumrong, O.; Pavarajarn, V.; Praserthdam, P. Effects of Reaction Medium on the Synthesis of TiO₂ Nanocrystals by Thermal Decomposition of Titanium (IV) n-Butoxide. Ceram. Int. 2005, 31, 391–397.
[28] Okuyama, K.; Jeung, J. T.; Kousaka, Y.; Nguyen, H. V.; Wu, J. J.; Flagan, R. C. Experimental Control of Ultrafine TiO₂ Particle Generation from Thermal Decomposition of Titanium Tetraisopropoxide Vapor. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1989, 44, 1369–1375.
[29] Kuo, C. S.; Tseng, Y. H.; Huang, C. H.; Li, Y. Y. Carbon-Containing Nano-Titania Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition and its Visible-Light-Responsive Photocatalytic Activity. J. Mol. Catal. 2007, 270, 93–100.
[30] Akurati, K. K.; Vital, A.; Fortunato, G.; Hany, R.; Nueesch, F.; Graule, T. Flame Synthesis of TiO₂ Nanoparticles with High Photocatalytic Activity. Solid State Sci. 2007, 9, 247–257.
[31] Lee, G. W.; Choi, S. C. Thermal Stability of Heat-Treated Flame- Synthesized Anatase TiO₂ Nanoparticles. J. Mater. Sci. 2008, 43, 715–720.
[32] Supphasrirongjaroen, P.; Praserthdam, P.; Panpranot, J.; Na-Ranong, D.; Mekasuwandumrong, O. Effect of Quenching Medium on Photocatalytic Activity of Nano-TiO₂ Prepared by Solvothermal Method. Chem. Eng. J. 2008, 138, 622–627.
[33] Mao, C.; Zuo, F.; Hou, Y.; Bu, X.; Feng, P. In Situ Preparation of a Ti3+ Self-Doped TiO₂ Film with Enhanced Activity as Photoanode by N2H4 Reduction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 26, 10653–10657.
[34] Cui, H.; Zhao, W.; Yang, C.; Yin, H.; Lin, T.; Shan, Y.; Xie, Y.; Gua, H.; Huang, F. Black TiO₂ Nanotube Arrays for High-Efficiency Photoelectrochemical Water-Splitting. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 8612–8616.
[35] Song, H.; Li, C.; Lou, Z.; Ye, Z.; Zhu, L. Effective Formation of Oxygen Vacancies in Black TiO₂ Nanostructures with Efficient Solar-Driven Water Splitting. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2017, 5, 8982–8987.
[36] Wang, Z.; Yang, C.; Lin, T.; Yin, H.; Chen, P.; Wan, D.; Xu, F.; Huang, F.; Lin, J.; Xie, X.; Jiang, M. H-doped Black Titania with Very High Solar Absorption and Excellent Photocatalysis Enhanced by Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 5444–5450.
[37] Kang, Q.; Cao, J.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, L.; Xu, H.; Ye, J. Reduced TiO₂ Nanotube Arrays for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 5766–5744.
[38] Xu, C.; Song, Y.; Lu, L.; Cheng, C.; Liu, D.; Fang, X.; Chen, X.; Zhu, X.; Li, D. Electrochemically Hydrogenated TiO₂ Nanotubes with Improved Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Performance. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2013, 8, 391.
[39] Ghajar, S.; Sohrabi, M.R. Taguchi Experimental Design Used for Nano Photo Catalytic Degradation of the Pharmaceutical Agent Aspirin. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 2012, 4, 814–821.
[40] Khayet, M.; Zahrim, A. Y.; Hilal, N. Modelling and Optimization of Coagulation of Highly Concentrated Industrial Grade Leather Dye by Response Surface Methodology. Chem. Eng. J. 2011, 167, 77–83.
[41] Bezerra, M. A.; Santelli, R. E.; Oliveira, E. P.; Silveira, V. L.; Escaleira, L. A. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) as a Tool for Optimization in Analytical Chemistry. Talanta 2008, 76, 965–977.
[42] Chen, X.; Liu, L.; Liu, Z.; Marcus, M. A.; Wang, W.-C.; Oyler, N. A.; Grass, M. E.; Mao, B.; Glans, P.-A.; Yu, P. Y.; Guo, J.; Mao, S. S. Properties of Disorder-Engineered Black Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles through Hydrogenation. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3, 1510.
[43] Xia, T.; Wallenmeyer, P.; Anderson, A.; Murowchick, J.; Liu, L.; Chen, X. Hydrogenated Black ZnO Nanoparticles with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 41654–41658.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Antibiotics and Dyes in Wastewater by Hydrogenated Black Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Design of Experiment L9 Taguchi Orthogonal Array

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References

Related Articles 1

Recommended Articles

Metrics